As the ongoing Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak continues to affect North American dairy cattle herds, one study has shown the ability of HPAI to infect mice via contaminated raw milk, and testing conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has found HPAI traces in muscle from culled dairy cows.

As of May 24, 2024, 63 dairy cattle herds across nine states (Idaho, South Dakota, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas, Michigan, Ohio, and North Carolina) have been affected by HPAI H5N1.